1. Introduction Hydrogen is foreseen to be an important energy vector in (and after) the transition to net-zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission economies. 1–6 The prerequisite is that its production results in very low GHG emissions, such that the overall process of hydrogen production and use could be made net-zero with a feasible level of carbon
carbon hydrogen [i.e., blue] are needed, primarily to rapidly reduce emissions and support the parallel and future uptake of renewable [green] hydrogen". The strategy goes on to say that neither green nor blue hydrogen production is
Three paths to low-carbon hydrogen. The technologies currently available for blue hydrogen production include steam methane reforming (SMR hydrogen); autothermal reforming (ATR hydrogen); and partial oxidation (POX hydrogen). They differ in their catalyst requirements, and their potential to reduce CO 2 emissions for sequestration.
Global efforts are underway to scale up the production, storage and use of hydrogen as a clean fuel. Despite emerging regulatory frameworks, challenges remain around the carbon intensity of hydrogen. Recent data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory was used to calculate the indicative carbon footprint of green hydrogen production.
Natural gas based hydrogen production with carbon capture and storage is referred to as blue hydrogen. If substantial amounts of CO2 from natural gas reforming are captured
Blue hydrogen remains cheaper than green in all scenarios and is the only form of hydrogen that directly reduces CO2 emissions. There is enough natural gas to last for years, and residual gases from refining or biogas, for example, can be split into hydrogen and CO2 in the same way. However, it is expected that towards 2050, the
Almost all of the 70 million tonnes of hydrogen produced globally each year are derived from unabated natural gas or coal, which results in nine to 12 tonnes of CO 2 emitted for every tonne of H 2 produced. If those emissions were to be reduced by 90% using CCS, it would still means that about a tonne of carbon dioxide would be released
The environmental impact of blue hydrogen may vary over large ranges but depends on only a few key parameters: the methane emission rate of the natural
Hydrogen is now considered an essential component in transitioning to a low-carbon global economy and achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emission targets. This is due to its potential to be a zero or near-zero carbon energy carrier to replace fossil fuel use, including in hard-to-abate sectors and for storage of renewable electricity
H-vision: blue hydrogen to accelerate carbon-low industry. Industry in the Rotterdam port area has strong ambitions to become more sustainable. By 2025, it aims to reduce CO2 emissions by two megatons through the use of CO2 capture and storage, rising to at least six megatons by 2030. That represents almost half of the 14 Mton
Review methodology. This review paper presents major aspects of blue H 2 production, which employs carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies to minimize
We investigated the costs and GHG emissions of three blue hydrogen production technologies. • Blue hydrogen cost ranges from $1.69-$2.55 per kg H 2 depending on the production technology.. Autothermal reforming (ATR) with carbon capture and storage (CCS) and natural gas decomposition with CCS produce H 2 has the lowest
3 · Where do we need to go? The momentum behind hydrogen is strong. Nine countries – which cover around 30% of global energy sector emissions today – released their national strategies in 2021-2022. However, faster action is required to create demand for low-emission hydrogen and unlock investment that can accelerate production scale
2 · Blue hydrogen is, therefore, sometimes referred to as carbon neutral as the emissions are not dispersed in the atmosphere. However, some argue that "low carbon" would be a more accurate description, as10-20% of the generated carbon cannot be captured. Grey, blue, green and more – the many colours of hydrogen.
emissions for blue hydrogen are only 9%-12% less than for gray hydrogen. While carbon dioxide emissions are lower, fugitive methane emissions for blue hydrogen are higher than for gray hydrogen because of an increased use of natural gas to power the carbon capture. Perhaps surprisingly, the greenhouse gas footprint of blue hy-
As we have demonstrated, far from being low emissions, blue hydrogen has emissions as large as or larger than those of natural gas used for heat (Figure 1;
The environmental impact of blue hydrogen may vary over large ranges but depends on only a few key parameters: the methane emission rate of the natural gas supply chain, the CO 2 removal rate at
Blue hydrogen from natural gas reforming coupled with carbon capture and storage (CCS) is seen as one potential low-emission hydrogen production pathway. Diverging life cycle assessments (LCA) on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of blue hydrogen, however, make its contribution in a future carbon-neutral energy system
Blue hydrogen — produced from natural gas with carbon capture and storage — is often criticised because it is not inherently a zero-emission solution. It is only possible to capture up to 98% of the CO 2 emitted in the process of methane reforming, although levels of around 90% are often more realistic.
Here, Gençer describes blue hydrogen and the role that hydrogen will play more broadly in decarbonizing the world''s energy systems. Q: What are the differences between gray, green, and blue hydrogen? A: Though hydrogen does not generate any emissions directly when it is used, hydrogen production can have a huge
Electrified SMR (E-SMR) produces decarbonised hydrogen (blue hydrogen) with the highest carbon footprint – more than twice as high as POx. This is primarily because of the utilisation of high-carbon-intensity electricity in the Netherlands grid (480 gCO 2 /kWh in 2020). POx has the second lowest project lifetime emissions, as
Blue Hydrogen: Not Clean, Not Low Carbon, Not a Solution 6 Using more realistic numbers shows blue hydrogen to be a dirty alternative. For example, if we
Blue hydrogen was recently found to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to grey hydrogen by 5–36%, 6 while a different set of assumptions for upstream methane leakage and carbon capture rates
As Canada considers pathways to net-zero emissions by 2050, blue hydrogen — hydrogen gas derived from natural gas with carbon capture, utilization
With a 20 year time horizon, natural gas combustion generates lower GHG emissions than our blue hydrogen configuration with the low 55% CO 2 removal rate at methane
Today, grey hydrogen costs around €1.50 kg –1, blue hydrogen €2–3 kg –1 and green hydrogen €3.50–6 kg –1. Consultants estimate that a €50–60 per tonne carbon price could make
However, blue hydrogen, produced from fossil fuels with CO 2 capture, is currently viewed as the bridge between the high-emission grey hydrogen and the
We''ll start with the cost and full-system carbon footprint of green hydrogen today under different circumstances and follow with a discussion of how these impacts might change through time. 1 Source: States) and calculated that at this level of emissions blue hydrogen has a similar carbon footprint as gray.